In the early hours of February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. After failing to achieve a quick victory, the conflict has dragged on for three years, evolving into a war of attrition marked by heavy casualties, widespread destruction, shifting front lines and the fastest-growing refugee crisis.
According to estimates from the Kyiv School of Economics (KSE), Ukraine’s infrastructure has suffered more than $170bn in direct damage since the war began. The hardest-hit sectors include housing, energy and transport, with the most devastation concentrated in Donetsk, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Kyiv, Chernihiv and Kherson regions.
Using before and after satellite imagery, Al Jazeera documents the destruction across Ukraine since the war began.